Course Catalogue.

After participating in this course, you will be able to:

• Apply advanced protection techniques to enhance system reliability.
• Effectively implement protective devices to safeguard equipment.
• Optimize relay settings for different power system components.
• Integrate protection schemes for transformers, buses, and generators.
• Analyze and troubleshoot protection system challenges and propose solutions.

Description
Understanding the protection of low, medium, and high-voltage power systems is essential for preventing damage and ensuring operational efficiency. Power system faults, their detection, and the safe disconnection of components like feeders, transformers, and generators are critical in maintaining system integrity. This course explores protective relaying systems, covering the fundamental principles of fault detection and the coordination of protection schemes. It includes essential topics like power system faults, feeder overcurrent protection, and the use of current and voltage transformers in protective schemes.

Participants will gain hands-on knowledge in transformer, bus, and generator protection, as well as transmission line protection. The course emphasizes practical applications, from testing protection systems to coordinating electrical protection schemes across different equipment. The latest microprocessor-based relays, as well as traditional devices, will be examined, equipping learners with both modern and foundational skills.

Through the application of the concepts learned, industries and utilities will benefit from improved operational efficiency and minimized risk of equipment damage. This course also offers insights into emerging trends and technologies in protection systems, ensuring that participants are well-prepared to address future challenges in the field. Additionally, participants will leave with practical tools and strategies that can be immediately implemented in their organizations.

Who Should Attend
This course is designed for engineers, technicians, and technologists in the industrial, consulting, and utility sectors responsible for ensuring power systems' reliability and safety. It is particularly relevant for professionals involved in the design, maintenance, regulatory inspection, and operation of power systems and those tasked with overseeing protective relaying systems and fault detection. Individuals working on protecting transformers, generators, and transmission lines will benefit significantly from the practical and theoretical knowledge provided.

In addition, utility operators, project managers, system designers, and those responsible for coordinating electrical protection schemes in various industrial settings will find this course valuable. This course also caters to professionals who seek to enhance their understanding of current transformers, voltage transformers, and the latest advances in microprocessor-based relays. Those involved in optimizing system performance, minimizing equipment damage, and improving operational efficiency should attend.

Course Syllabus

Welcome, Introduction, Course Preview, Learning Outcomes and the Assessment Method

Power System Faults

• Different types of faults
• Incidence of faults in power system equipment
• Effects of power system faults
• Magnitude of fault current
• Detection of faults
• Clearance of faults
• Requirements of protective relaying systems

Components of Power System Protection Schemes

• Fault-detecting relays
• The transition from electro-mechanical relays to electronic and digital microprocessor-based relays
• Tripping relays and other auxiliary relays
• Circuit breakers - bulk oil, air-blast, vacuum, SF6
• Current transformers
• Voltage transformers
• Modern microprocessor-based relays - review types available

Current Transformers (CT) and Voltage Transformers (VT)

• Various types of CTs, VTs and CVTs
• Theory and characteristics of CTs
• Application requirements of CTs for protective relaying
• Accuracy classifications
• Future trends in CT design using optics
• Testing of CTs and VTs

Feeder Overcurrent Protection

• Protective relaying requirements for radial systems
• Elements of feeder protection schemes
• High-set, low-set and inverse-timed elements
• Coordination with other devices and fuses
• Various types of overcurrent relays
• Electromechanical, electronic and digital relays
• Relay setting criteria
• Load limitations
• Testing of overcurrent protection schemes
• Microprocessor-based feeder overcurrent relays - features, application and testing

Coordination of Electrical Protection Systems

• Fuse to fuse
• Circuit breaker to a fuse
• Fuse to circuit breaker
• Computer software packages for protection coordination studies
• Auto-reclosing of circuit breakers
• Breaker Failure Protection
• Back-up protection
• Limitation of fault current
• Selective zones of protection

Bus Protection

• Types of Bus Protection Schemes
• Basic concept of differential protection
• High impedance relays for bus differential protection
• Application to various bus configurations
• Bus Protection for radial systems
• Testing of bus protection schemes

Transformer Protection

• Overcurrent and ground fault protection
• Application of differential protection to transformers
• Restricted ground fault protection
• Gas relays, pressure and gas accumulation
• Winding temperature and oil temperature devices
• Testing of transformer protection schemes
• Modern microprocessor-based multi-function relays - available functions, applications and testing

Generator Protection

• Differential protection
• Reverse power, 100% stator ground fault, out-of-step
• Loss of field, field ground, overexcitation, inter-turn, etc.
• Over-frequency, under-frequency, overvoltage, undervoltage
• Negative phase sequence or phase unbalance
• Voltage controlled and voltage restricted overcurrent protection
• Synchronizing systems, synchro-check relays
• Comparison of electro-mechanical and electronic relays
• Testing of generator protection schemes
• Microprocessor-based multi-function generator protection relays - available relays, application and testing

Transmission Line Protection

• Interconnected systems with a two-way flow of fault current
• Distance or impedance protection schemes
• Line current differential protection schemes
• Communication channel requirements between terminals
• Coordination and transfer-tripping between terminals
• Modern microprocessor-based line protection relays - available relays, features, applications and testing
• Special Protection Systems – generation rejection schemes for various power system contingencies

Questions and Answers and Feedback to Participants on Achievement of Learning Outcomes