Emergency Generators

After participating in this course, you will be able to:

• Know the major components and subsystems of various types of diesel engines
• Examine the applications, performance and economics of diesel engine generation plants
• Understand various equipment for diesel engine monitoring and control mechanisms, generators, and auxiliaries
• Discover the maintenance required for diesel engine generators to minimize their operating cost and maximize efficiency, reliability and longevity
• Increase your knowledge of predictive and preventive maintenance and reliability

Description
Diesel engines are often used to drive electric power generators in emergency applications and peak-shaving services. This course is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of diesel engines and the integration of associated generators.

Topics discussed include applications, diesel engines, electrical generators, controls, economics, preventive maintenance and reliability. You will receive descriptions of equipment and operational experiences for specific types of diesel generators, including information on various field conditions in a generic manner to cover most manufacturers’ equipment and applications.

Course Outline

• Engine fuel generator relationships
• Combustion generated emissions
• Advanced monitoring & control systems
• Serviceability & service techniques
• Preventive maintenance
• Modes of operation
• Unusual operating conditions
• Generator power output system
• Protective relaying systems
• Requirements for interconnection

Who Should Attend
Engineering Managers • Electrical Engineers • Technicians & Technologists • Design Engineers • Process Engineers • Project Engineers • Operation & Maintenance personnel • Consultants

Day 1

Welcome, Introduction, Learning Outcomes and the Assessment Methods

Diesel Generator Economy - An Overview

• What is an emergency generator?
• Justification for emergency generation and use of the plant for peak shaving
• The economy of using a diesel engine as the prime mover

Engine Fuel Generator Relationships

• Engine-generator performance and economy
• Properties of fuels for internal combustion engines

Effect of Engine Parameters on Performance and Economy

• Fundamentals of diesel engine operation
• Analysis of 4-stroke and 2-stroke cycles
• Compression ratio, fuel-air ratio, injection system timing
• Turbocharging and turbo compounding

Effect of Operating Variables:

• Fuel-air ratio, load, speed, timing, back pressure
• Optimization of controllable variables

Matching Combustion Engines to the Job

• Specifications, ratings, sizing and utilization
• Standard and optional features
• Factory testing

Combustion Generated Emissions

• Preliminary aspects of U.S. heavy-duty emission regulations with respect to the changing characteristics of Canadian diesel fuels up to the turn of the century.

Advanced Monitoring and Control Systems

• Electronic control systems, electronic governors, turbo-charging, after-cooling compounding, adiabatic operation, ceramics, and fuel consumption monitoring.
• Microprocessor-based engine monitoring and control

Serviceability and Service Techniques: Troubleshooting

• Equipment serviceability and how it can be serviced
• Troubleshooting for uninterrupted performance

Preventive Maintenance

• Preventive Maintenance Program
• Non-destructive testing, oil and fuel analysis, exhaust analysis, back-pressure analysis, gauges, liquid levels
• Site inspection
• Planning, records, cost and implementation

Day II

Generators

• Basic design principles
• Stator construction (frame, core, windings)
• Rotor construction (salient pole and turbo-types)
• Generator cooling methods
• Excitation systems (brushless, static, DC)
• Controls and monitoring instruments

Modes of Operation

• Emergency systems isolated from the utility power system
• Generator systems capable of operating in parallel with a utility system
• Peak Shaving operation
• Power factor correction
• Operator interface control and monitoring

Unusual Operating Conditions

• Black start
• Bus transfers
• Starting large motors
• Stability-load angle, frequency, voltage, torque variations
• Automatic load shedding
• Sensitive loads and power quality

Day III

Generator Power Output System

• Generator-line and neutral systems
• Circuit breakers and isolation switches
• Main output transformers
• Interconnection with the utility power system
• Commissioning tests
• Reliability tests

Protective Relaying Systems for Generation Plant

• Generator Protection
• Differential protection
• Reverse power, stator ground, loss of field, field ground, overexcitation
• Overfrequency, underfrequency, overvoltage, undervoltage
• Voltage controlled overcurrent
• Negative phase sequence, or phase unbalance
• Synchronizing systems, synchro-check relays
• Microprocessor-based multi-function generator protective relays
• Transformer and Bus Protections
• Utility Intertie Protection
• Islanding protection
• Remote tripping/Transfer tripping
• Backup protections
• Commissioning Tests for Protective Relaying Systems

Requirements for Interconnection with the Utility

• Protective relaying requirements
• Remote tripping/transfer tripping requirements
• Auto-reclosing of the utility feeder circuit breaker
• Operating Agreement with the utility
• Monitoring of plant status and MW output by the utility
• Revenue and billing metering systems

Concluding Remarks and Final Adjournment